WILLIAM P. MAC CRACKEN, Jr. PAPERS
Scope and Content Note
The recent deregulation of the airline industry has produced a great deal of
confusion and controversy, but it is still a far cry from the chaotic conditions of the early
1920's when commercial passenger service was its infancy. In those simpler times there
were no overnight air mail deliveries, no licensing qualifications for pilots, no safety
standards for aircraft, and almost no regularly scheduled passenger service anywhere in
the United States. But air travel began to change with the passage of the Air Commerce
Act of 1926 which established the bureau of aeronautics in the Commerce Department
and provided for the first time for the regulation of civil aviation.
The first federal regulator of aviation was William P. Mac Cracken, Jr. An
experienced aviator who had served as a flight instructor during World War I,
MacCracken also served on the Chicago Aero Commission and was a member of the
board of governors of the National Aeronautical Association (1922-26) before Herbert
Hoover appointed him as the first Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics in
1926. MacCracken's Papers were given to the Hoover Library by Mrs. Sallie L.
MacCracken Murphy and her daughter, Nell Elizabeth MacCracken, in several
installments totaling 45 linear feet between 1971 and 1992. The most recent of these
accretions (9 linear feet) was received in March of 1992 and has proven to be a valuable
source of information concerning the expansion of commercial aviation, numerous
corporate mergers, the background of the notorious 1930 conference of airline operators
and a subsequent Senate investigation.
After helping to draft much needed safety standards and regulations, MacCracken
left the Commerce Department in 1929 to resume the practice of law. He continued to be
actively involved in the growth of commercial aviation after leaving the Commerce
Department. Indeed, his role as chairman of the 1930 conference was thrust upon him
because his firm had advised and represented so many of the major airlines. Ultimately,
this relationship would make him a prime target of Senate investigators. The conference
had been convened by U.S. Postmaster Walter F. Brown in an effort to get airline
operators to agree to a consolidation of the various airmail routes into three or four
coast to coast networks operated by the best equipped and most financially stable
companies. This close cooperation between the federal government and the major
commercial airlines left Brown and MacCracken vulnerable to charges of favoritism.
When a complaint was lodged with the Senate Committee on Ocean Mail and Air Mail
Contracts, Chairman Hugo Black agreed to investigate what appeared to be a Republican
scandal.
Black opened the hearings in September 1933 and MacCracken soon found
himself prominently featured as one of the alleged conspirators. As part of the
Committee's investigation, Black subpoenaed and later seized MacCracken's office files.
Major portions of these files were stamped as exhibits and offered in evidence before
Black's committee. The files were eventually returned to MacCracken and comprise
virtually all of the papers received from Nell MacCracken in 1992.
Even though investigators found no evidence of collusion or conspiracy in the
files or elsewhere, the Roosevelt administration cancelled all air mail contracts with
commercial airlines in February 1934. Henceforth, the airmail would be delivered by the
U.S. Army Air Corps. Despite a valiant effort, the Air Corps soon proved ill-equipped
and too disorganized to handle the job. After twelve fatal accidents and several lesser
injuries in less than a month, President Roosevelt allowed the airlines to resume flying the
mail in mid-March.
The exercise proved the wisdom of awarding contracts to the most experienced
operators; but it had also been very costly. Dozens of airlines executives who had
attended the "spoils conference" were illegally blacklisted and, in effect, excluded from
employment with any of the major airlines. A half million dollars of Air Corps equipment
was destroyed and twelve lives were lost. Private operators had been receiving an average
of 54 cents per mile to fly the mail in 1933. The cost of Air Corps operations amounted to
$2.21 -- over four times as much!
MacCracken's papers do not contain the full record of the Black Committee's
deliberations, but they do provide considerable information on a wide range of issues and
aviation related topics during an important period in the development of commercial
aviation. The collection contains a large number of photographs of early planes and
equipment.
The collection also contains files concerning MacCracken's law practice after
1929 and his service as secretary [1925-36] of the American Bar Association.
Biographical Note
1888
Born, Chicago, Illinois, September 17, Son of William P. and Mary
Elizabeth (Avery) MacCracken.
1909
Prep. education, Montclair (N.J.) High School, South Side Academy and
University High School, Chicago. PhB. University of Chicago.
1911
Doctor of Jurisprudence.
Admitted to Illinois bar and began practice in Chicago.
1917-18
Served in Air Service, U. S.
1918
Married, September 14 to Sally Lucille Lewis.
1923
Assistant Attorney General of Illinois.
1924
Assistant States Attorney., Cook County.
1925-36
Secretary, American Bar Association.
1926-29
Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics., U. S.
1929
Resigned (October 1) to enter private practice, in individual practice, Washington.
1927
Life member, house delegates; Vice-president, director National Aviation
Center, Inc., Chairman of Pan-Am Commercial Aviation
Conference, Washington.
1928
Vice-chairman International Civil Aeronautics Conference, Washington.
1929
Head U.S. delegation to International Convention for Air Navigation,
Paris. Harmon Trophy, Collier Trophy
1936
I.L.D., Norwich University., Northfield., Vermont.
1955
Decorated Officer Order of Crown of Italy; Alumni Citation Award,
University of Chicago; Elder Statesman of Aviation.
1959
Wright Brothers' Memorial Trophy.
1969
Died, September 20.
Children:
William Lewis
Nell Elizabeth
Organizations:
Associate Editor IT. S. Aviation Reports
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1929-38
Chairman., Joint Airport Users Conference, Civil Aviation Joint Legislative
Committee
Fellow of American Bar Foundation
Bar Associations: American, Federal, Illinois, Chicago, D. C., Canada (honorary)
American Optometric Foundation (life)
American Law Institute
American Patent Law Association
National Aeronautic Association (general counsel)
Institute Aeronautical Sciences
American Legion
Psi Upsilon
Phi Delta 'Phi
Legal Club
Law Club
Republican
Clubs:
Chevy Chase Capitol Hill (Washington)
Description of Series
These papers are divided into two parts and are arranged separately within each
segment. The first, boxes 1-35, were donated by Sallie L. MacCracken Murphy (wife of
William P. MacCracken, Jr.) and copyright properties in his unpublished writings found in
those containers have been dedicated to the United States. The second group, boxes
36-83, were donated by Nell Elizabeth MacCracken, (daughter of William P.
MacCracken, Jr.) and copyright properties in, the unpublished writings of William P.
MacCracken, Jr. found therein have been retained by the donor. Materials found in each
segment are complimentary to one another.
Boxes Series
1-6
CORRESPONDENCE, 1922-1969
Primarily social and family correspondence, including copies of letters sent and
letters received. Arranged alphabetically.
7-25
SUBJECT, 1835-1971
Correspondence, clippings, reports, memoranda, and printed matter primarily
concerning scientific progress in, and federal/international regulation of',
commercial aviation. Arranged alphabetically by subject.
26-36
LEGAL, 1929-1945
Case files including correspondence, legal documents, and printed material
reflecting MacCracken's Washington law practice. Arranged alphabetically by
case file.
36-65
SUBJECT, 1911-1969
Correspondence and other historical materials documenting MacCracken's
activities with and interests in, the American Bar Association, American
Optometric Association, Aviation, Gold Clause and Committee for the Nation.
These materials are arranged alphabetically except portions arranged in,
chronological order- recording air law as it developed with the draftirig of
federal and state legislation. Materials from MacCracken's service as Assistant
Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics and as a member of national
aeronautic organizations are within the Aviation subject file. When
MacCracken's law files were subpoenaed by the U.S. Senate in 1934, they
were stamped in the sequential group order that they were surrendered.
These markings remain on the materials but the original grouping has not
been maintained.
66-74
LEGAL, 1925-45
Case files from MacCracken's Washington law practice
that. compliment the first Legal series. Arranged alphabetically.
75-78
PERSONAL, 1896-69
Appointment calendars, 1923-25, and correspondence
with family members and special friends.
MacCracken's near daily letters to his father
represent a detailed calendar of activities from
1935-37. Arranged alphabetically.
79-83
PRINTED MATERIAL, 1914-52
Books, government documents, periodicals, other
published materials, clippings and reprints are
filed in these respective categories. These
materials are arranged chronologically within each
category because of their timely importance to specific periods.
1-29
AIR MAIL INVESTIGATION SERIES
Documents subpoenaed by the Senate Committee on Ocean Mail and Air Mail
Contract.
[note: Folders showing an asterisk (*) indicate that they were subpoenaed by
Senate Committee on Ocean Mail and Air Mail Contract.(Black Committee) in 1934]
Correspondence Series, 1922-69
Box Contents
1
A-Au, 1928-1968
Avery-Aw, 1949-1968
Bab-Bau, 1926-1968
Be-Bi, 1950-1968
Bl-Bro, 1928-1969
Bru-Byrd, 1927-1968
Ca-Ce, 1929-1968
Ch-Con, 1941-i968
Coo-Cu, 1959-1968
Da-De, 1939-1969
Di-Du, 1937-1969
2
E, 1949-1969
Fe-Fl, 1959-1969
Fo-Fu, 1952-1969
Gal-Gas, 1951-1968
Ge-Go, 1951-1969
Gr-Gu, 1928-1968
Ha-He, 1951-1969
Hi-Hol, 1951-1968
Hoo-Hu, 1948-1969
I, 1934-1969
J, 1934-1969
Ka-Kil, 1951-1968
King, Alice-King, William, 1951-1969
Kinn-Ku 1941-69,
La-Li, 1933-1969
Ll-Ly, 1926-1969
3
Ma-MacComb, 1928-1966
MacCracken, Alan-MacCracken, Elliott, 1934-1969
MacCracken, Lewis and sons, 1934-1968
MacCracken, Gordon,
1927-1933
1934-1954
MacCracken, Lucille, 1934-1964
MacCracken, William P., Jr., 1954-1957
MacCracken, William P., Sr.
See also: Subject Series: MacCracken, William P., Sr.-
Apartment Litigation,
1928-1941
1927-1929
1930-34
1935 Dec.-1936 Feb.
1936 March-April
1936 May -June
1936 July-Aug.
4
1936 Sept.-Oct.
1936 Nov.-Dec.
1937 Jan.
McCurdey-McSwain, 1934-1968
Mag-MaY, 1934-1968
Me-Mi, 1934-1969
Mon-Mor, 1934-1968
Mu-My, 1934-i968
Na, 1934-1964
Ne-Nu, 1929-1968
Ob-Ol, 1939-1967
On-Oy, 1951-1968
5
Pac-Par, 1931-1969
Pat-Pl, 1943-1969
Po-Pre, 1951-1969
Price, Edwin P., 1928-1966
Prit-Pu 1961-1969
Q-Ra, 1951-1969
Re-Ri, 1930-1968
Rob-Rod, 1948-1969
Roe-Ru, 1951-1967
Sa-Sc, 1951-1968
Se-Sh, 1929-1968
6
Si-Smith, H., 1941-1969
Smith, J.-Sp, 1951-1969
St-Sy, 1923-1969
Ta-Ti, 1922-1969
To-Tu, 1951-1969
U-V, 1934-1969
Wal-Wau, 1931-1967
Web-Wet, 1931-1968
Wha-Whi. 1931-i968
Wic-Wit, 1929-1968
WO-WY, 1931-1969
X,Y,Z, and unidentified 1927-1968
Subject Series, 1835-1971
Box Contents
7
Aero Medical Association of the U.S., 1929-1931; 1954
Air Law Institute, 1929-1930
Air Mail, Printed Material, 1923-1968
Air Mail Contracts, 1927
Air Mail Contracts, Congressional Investigation, 1931-1932
Air Mail Contracts Controversy, 1934
Correspondence, 1934
Congressional Record, 1934-1935
Post Office Department Press Releases, 1934
United Air Lines Releases, 1934
Clippings, 1934-1943 and undated
Printed Material 1934
SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING FOLDERS WHICH (CONTAIN
MATERIAL SUBPOENAED BY THE SENATE SPECIAL