COLORADO RIVER COMMISSION
Scope and Content Note
For many years land speculators and settlers in California's Imperial Valley had
dreamed of taming the unpredictable Colorado River. Experiments with irrigation on a
limited scale had shown that this arid region could be transformed into a lush garden--if
only the river could be controlled. Disastrous floods during the early 1900's severely
taxed the resources of the Imperial Irrigation District and led residents of the area to
look to the federal government for aid.
In an agreement., signed February 16, 1918, the Interior Department agreed to
pay one third of the cost of an engineering survey to determine the feasibility of building
an All-American Canal to bring water to the Imperial Valley. The agreement also
created an All-American Canal Board. When the survey was completed, the Board
recommended that the canal be built and that large storage reservoirs be constructed by
the federal government along the Colorado River. Congressman Kettner introduced
legislation to that effect in 1919 and 1920, but the bills failed to come to a vote.
Instead, Congress passed, on May 18, 1920, the Kinkaid Act calling for further investi-
gation. On February 28, 1922 Reclamation Bureau Director Arthur P. Davis and
Interior Secretary Fall submitted their report to Congress. The Fall-Davis report, as it
came to be known., concurred with the earlier recommendation calling for federally
constructed storage facilities and suggested Boulder Canyon or its vicinity as the
logical location.
Most of the recommendations of the Fall-Davis report were incorporated in a
series of bills, known as the Swing-Johnson bills, which were introduced simultaneously
by Congressman Phil D. Swing and Senator Hiram W. Johnson between 1922 and 1928.
The last of the Swing-Johnson bills, virtually rewritten by Secretary of Commerce
Hoover and Secretary of the Interior Work, was enacted by Congress on December 18,
1928 as the Boulder Canyon Project Act.
Meanwhile, the seven states comprising the Colorado River drainage basin were
conducting informal discussions concerning the development of the basin. Meetings
were held at San Diego and Tuscon in 1918, Salt Lake City in 1919, and in Los Angeles
and Denver in 1920. A major hurdle was cleared at the Denver meeting when Arthur
P. Davis., Director of the U.S. Reclamation Service, assured the representatives of the
upper basin states (Nevada, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming) that building a reservoir on
the lower river would not endanger the water supply of the upper basin. The conferees
approved a resolution requesting the seven states to appoint representatives to draft an
agreement for the equitable apportionment of the water between the states.
The state legislatures responded during the early months of 1921 by enacting
legislation authorizing their governors to appoint duly authorized commissioners.
Congress approved the drafting of the proposed compact and authorized the President
to appoint a representative for the federal government who would also serve as
chairman of a Colorado River Commission., as the group was to be known. On
December 17, 1921, President Harding appointed Secretary of Commerce Herbert
Hoover as the representative of the federal government.
The first seven meetings of the Commission were held in Washington, D.C.
from January 26-30, 1922. Three subcommittees were formed to investigate: the
Volume of Water Available, Water Requirements of the Various States, and Legal
Questions. The Washington meetings also served to clarify some of the basic questions
facing the Commission and provided an opportunity for an initial exchange of opinions.
The Commission adjourned after deciding to hold a series of meetings and public
hearings at various locations throughout the southwest. Clarence C. Stetson, one of
Mr. Hoover's assistants in the Commerce Department., was named Executive Secretary
of the Commission.
The first public hearings of the Commission were held on March 15-17, 1922 in
Phoenix., and subsequent sessions were convened in Los Angeles; Salt Lake City;
Grand Junction, Colorado; Denver; Cheyenne, Wyoming; and Santa Fe., New Mexico.
At these Santa Fe meetings the Commission seemed deadlocked until Secretary Hoover
devised a formula which satisfied all parties.
The main responsibility and problem of the Commission was to devise a means
of dividing the water between the states in a manner that would be fair to all. The states
of the upper basin feared that the lower basin., with its more rapidly developing
agricultural and power demands for the water, would quickly preempt the lion's share
of the water available under the principle of prior appropriation, leaving only a token
amount for any future development of the upper basin. An apparent impasse was
avoided by Mr. Hoover's suggestion that the water be divided between the upper and
lower basins., without attempting to determine individual state quotas, and that the
apportionment of any surplus over the estimates be deferred. Thus the interests of the
upper basin states were safeguarded in two respects. The lower basin could not claim,
by right of prior appropriation., water in excess of its original alottment. Deferring
the apportionment of surplus waters for a period of forty years also favored the slower
developing upper basin.
The final draft of the Colorado River Compact was approved by the
Commissioners on November 24, 1922. Six of the seven states involved ratified within
the year. Arizona, feeling that her interests were not adequately compensated, refused
to sign until 1939. Congress, in the meanwhile., had passed the Boulder Canyon Project
Act in 1928 with the stipulation that the Compact would become binding when six of
the seven states agreed, provided that California was among them. The bids for the
construction of Hoover Dam were opened on March It., 1931 and work began soon
after.
This collection consists of five series. Two of the series, Colorado River
Commission Executive Sessions and Public Hearings, have been assembled from parts
of other series for the convenience of researchers. Each of these series contains both
final printed copies and rough drafts of the proceedings of the executive sessions
and public hearings conducted by the Colorado River Commission. The rough draft
material includes original typed transcripts and corrected copies returned by the
participants. The third series, Herbert Hoover--Personal File, was created for Mr.
Hoover's convenience and maintained until the early 1950's. Of particular interest in this
series are papers relating to the Mexican water rights treaty of 1944-45, the restoration
of the name Hoover Dam, 1941-53, and the Glen Canyon project on the upper Colorado
River, 1954.
The remaining series, Colorado River Commission Files and Colorado River
Project File., are very closely related. The Commission Files relate primarily to the
writing of the Compact whereas the Project File relates primarily to the ratification of
the Compact.
Colorado River Commission Members
W.S. Norviel, Arizona
W.F. McClure, California
Delph E. Carpenter, Colorado
J.G. Scrugham, Nevada
Stephan B. Davis., Jr., New Mexico
R.E. Caldwell, Utah
Frank C. Emerson, Wyoming
Swing--Johnson Bills
April 25, 1922, H.R. 11449 67th Congress
December 10, 1923, H.R. 2903 68th Congress
February 27, 1926, H.R. 9826 69th Congress
**December 5, 1927, H.R. 5773 70th Congress
** Passed by Congress as the "Boulder Canyon Project Act" and signed by President
Coolidge on December 21, 1928. Companion bill introduced on December 6. 1927 as
S. 728.
Additional Sources of Colorado River Commission Materials Papers related to
the Colorado River Commission--Hoover Dam Project may be found in several of the
collections in the custody of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, While none of
these collections has been screened in its entirety; it has been determined that the
correspondence of certain individuals in the Commerce Official File (CCF) and the
Post Presidential Individual File (PPI) pertains to the Colorado River Commission--
Hoover Dam Project. These individuals and the location of their papers are listed below.
Name of Individual--Series and Box Number
Bannister, L, Ward--COP 29; PPI 5, 6
Bush, George B.--PPI 15
Caldwell, R. E.--CCF 46
Carey, Robert D.--CCF 48
Carpenter, Delph E.--COF 49; PPI 16
Davis, George H.--COF 108
Dobbel, Charles A.--PPI 25A
Emerson,, Frank C.--CCF 117
Fall, Albert B.--COF 166
Hayden, Carl--PPI 43A
Hunt, George W. P.--COF 162
Interior Department, Bureau of Reclamation folders--COF 167
Mabey, Charles R.--COF 187
McClure, W. F.--COF 188
Merritt, Ralph P.--COF 195; PPI 82
Nickerson., J. S.--COF 213
Norviel, W. S.--COF 214
Scrugham, James G.--COF 263
Sloan, Richard E.--CCF 274
Select Bibliography
All of the items listed are available at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
A very complete bibliography of items pertaining to the Colorado River and its history
was compiled in 1922 by the staff of the Riverside, California Public Library. While it is
dated, it may be of interest to the researcher. It may be found in box 9 of the Collection.
Colorado River Commission of the State of California, The Boulder
Colorado River Commission of the State of California, Colorado River
Hoover, Herbert., Memoirs
Kleinsorge, Paul L., The Boulder Canyon Project: Historical and
Senate Document No. 186, 70th Congress, 2nd Session, 1929, Colorado
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder
Description of Project
Description of Series
Box Series
1-9
Herbert Hoover--Personal Files, 1921-54 and undated. 9 containers.
Correspondence, memoranda, press releases, and miscellaneous printed
materials pertaining to the drafting and ratification of the Colorado River
Compact and the development of the Colorado River basin. Arranged by
subjects alphabetically.
9-28
Colorado River Commission Files, 1915-27 and undated. 20 containers.
Correspondence, maps and drawings., memoranda., photographs, press
releases, reports, statistics and miscellaneous printed materials, Arranged
by subjects alphabetically.
28-36
Colorado River Project File 1922-28 and undated. 13containerse
Clippings, correspondence photographs, press releases and miscellaneous
printed materials. Arranged by subjects alphabetically.
36-39
Colorado River Commission Executive Sessions, 1922. 4 containers.
Final printed copies and rough drafts of the minutes of the executive
sessions of the Commission. A small quanity of correspondence and
telegrams pertaining to arrangements for the various sessions may be
found in the initial box of this series, Arranged by date of meeting.
39-53
Public Hearings, 1922. 14 containers.
Final printed copies and rough drafts of the proceedings at the public
hearings conducted by the Commission. A small quanity of correspondence
and telegrams pertaining to arrangements for the hearings may be found
in the initial box of this series. Arranged by date of meeting.
Partial List of Related Materials in Other Repositories
Reginaldo Francisco Del Valle Papers, 61-2668* Huntington Library
William Boone Douglass Papers, 61-3298* Duke University Library
John C. and Isabella S. Greenway Papers, 61-3632* Arizona Pioneers' Histor-
ical Society (Tucson)
Herbert James Hagerman Papers, 65-944* **National Archives
Key Pittman Papers, 59-237*, Library of Congress
[* Library, of Congress identification number as cited in the National Union Catalog
of Manuscript Collections.]
[**Formerly in RG 316]
HOOVER DAM PROJECT
Herbert Hoover: Personal Files
Box Contents
1.
Accounts
Applications for Position as Secretary
Appointment of Mr. Hoover to Serve on Commission, 1921
Appropriation, 1922-23
Ashurst, Henry F. 1921
"B" Miscellaneous
Bannister, L. Ward 1922-28
Boulder Canyon, 1922
Boyle, Governor Emmet D., 1922
Bush, George B., 1925-26
"C" Miscellaneous, 1921-27
Caldwell, R.E. 1923
Campbell, Governor Thomas E., 1922-26
Capper, Senator Arthur 1922
Carpenter, Delph E. 1922-25
Chandler, Harry 1922-26
Clapp, Paul S. 1924
Clippings
Hoover Dam
1922-27
1933
1934-46
1947 January-February
1947 March 1-5
2
1947 March 6
1947 March 7
1947 March 8
1947 March 9
1947 March 10-15
1947 March 16-20
1947 March 21-31
1947 April 1-20
3
1947 April 21-30
1947 May 1
1947 May 2
1947 May 3
1947 May 4
1947 May 5
1947 May 6-10
1947 May 11-20
1947 May 21-31
1947 June-August
4
1947 September-December and undated
1948-49
Colorado VS. The Pioneer Irrigation Company, 1922
Colorado River Compact
Propositions
Purposes
Technical Committee
Termination
Colorado River-Report by Secretary of the Interior, 1947
"D" Miscellaneous, 1921-28
Davis, George H. 1924-25
Durand's Comments on Colorado Project, 1922
"E" Miscellaneous, 1922-24
Economic Data-Submitted at Phoenix Meeting
El Paso
Emerson, F.C. 1921-23
"F" Miscellaneous, 1922-26
Fall, Albert B., 1922
Federal Legislation
1921-23
1924
5
1925
1926
1927
1928
1937
1945
1946
1947
1954
Federal Power Commission
Federal Powers as Distinguished from State Powers
General Information, 1921-22
Girard Water Permit, 1922-25
6
Glen Canyon Project
General 1940-54 and undated
Documents 1-20
Documents 21-29
Government Publications List
Re: Colorado River
Gish, J.L. 1926
"H" Miscellaneous, 1923-26
Hamele, Ottamar 1922
Harding, Warren G., 1922
Hayden, Senator Carl 1923
Heard, Dwight B. 1922-23
Herter, Christian 1922
History and Background of the Colorado River
Hoover Dam
Miscellaneous, 1948-1951
Name Controversy
1946 and undated
1947 January-March
1947 April-August
1949-53
Hunt, Governor George W.P. 1922
7
"Imperial Valley and Vicinity, Problems of"
Report
Correspondence, 1922-23
Vol. I Abridged Version, 1922
Vol. I With Appendices, 1922
Vols. II & III (Appendices), 1922
Vols. IV and V (Appendices), 1922
"J-K-L" Miscellaneous 1924-27
List of Interested Individuals and Organizations
"M" Miscellaneous 1922-27
Mabey, Governor Charles R. 1923
McClure, W.F., 1923-26
Maxwell, George H., 1922
Mexican Treaty
Hoover's Opposition to 1944-45
Index to Congressional Record 1944-45
Mullendore, W.C. 1922
Nelson, Senator H.C. 1925
Nickerson, J.S. 1922
Norviel, W.S. 1926
8
Olson, Revel Leslie
Permit: Palo Verde Joint Levee Dist., 1918
Pittman, Senator Key 1925
Publicity
General
1920-26
Undated
Stetson Article
(1)
(2)
(3)
Stetson Statement of December, 1922
"R" Miscellaneous, 1926
Ratification of Compact, 1923-29
Report of Federal Representative to Congress 1923
Requa, Mark 1925
9
Returns from Agriculture, Undated
Richey, Lawrence 1927
Robinson, Henry M. 1923
Rose, Mark 1925
"S" Miscellaneous, 1926-27
Smith, Addison T. 1922
Statements and Speeches by Mr. Hoover
1922
1925-29
Stetson, Clarence C. 1922-23
Story of the Hoover Dam, Vol. 1-5
Sweet, Governor W.E. 1923
Swing, Phil D. 1927
"T" Miscellaneous 1924-26
Taylor, Edward T. 1927
Telegraphic appeals for support Johnson Bill, California 1927-28
Ward, J. Hudson 1923
Wilhelm, Donald 1922
Winsor, Mulford
Work, Hubert 1926
"Y" Miscellaneous 1926
Young, George G. 1925-27
Miscellaneous Printed Material
HOOVER DAM PROJECT
Colorado River Commission File
Box Contents
9
"A" Miscellaneous 1922-23
Accounts
1922
10
1923
1924-25
Applications for Position Engineer
Application for Position of a General Nature
Application for Position Secretary
Appropriation, Congressional
1922-23
1923-24
Arizona
H.B. 47, 1923
House Concurrent Resolution No. 1
Ratification of Colorado River Compact, 1923
March 11, 1925 (Mr. Wisener)
House Resolution No. 15, 1923
Senate Bill 33, 1923
Senate Bill 35, 1923
Senate Bill 57, 1923
Senate Bill 60, 1923
Senate Bill 136, 1923
Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 3, 1923
Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 4, 1923
Senate Joint Resolution No. 1, 1923
Senate Resolution No. 4, 1923
Senate Resolution No. 5, 1923
Substitute House Resolution No. 15, 1923
Arizona Industrial Congress
Bulletins, 1921-23
"Arizona Plan" 1923
Ashurst, Senator Henry F., 1923
Authorization to Sign as Executive Secretary Colorado River Commission, 1922
"B" Miscellaneous
1922 January-May
1922 June-December
1923-25
Bailey, Paul 1922-23
11
Bancroft, George J. 1922
Bannister, L. Ward
1922 January-March
1922 April-July
1922 August-December
1923
Bibliography on Colorado River
Blake, Harry E. 1922
Boulder Canyon 1921-22
Boyle, Governor Emmett D. 1922
Bursam, Senator Holm 0. 1922
"C" Miscellaneous
1922 February-May
1922 June-December
1923 January-March
1923 April-September
1924-26
Caldwell, R.E.
1921 December-1922 April
1922 May-June
12
1922 July-December
1923 January-March
California Assembly-Daily Journal, 1923
California Assembly-Joint Resolution No. 3, 1923
California Reclamation Board Report, 1924
California-Senate Daily Journal, 1923
Campbell, Governor Thomas E. 1921-23
Carey, Governor Robert D. 1922
Carpenter, Delph E.
1921 December-1922 March
1922 April-July
1922 August-December
1923 January-March and 1924
Chambers, Edward 1923
Clark, Walter G. 1922-23
Colorado and Red River Land Co., 1922
Colorado River Compact
Correspondence
1922 December-1923 January
1923 February
1923 March-April
13
1923 May-October
1924 and undated
Address by Hoover, Phoenix
Apportionment
Apportionment, Second
Approval and Consent
Certified Copies
Confirmation of Existing Rights and Preservation of
Courts
Definitions
Division of Basin
International Relations
Interstate Adjustments
Preamble
Preference in Use of Water
Preliminary Drafts
(A)
(B)
(C)
14
Principles
Printed Copies
Propositions
Purposes
Technical Committee
Termination
Commissioners of Colorado River Commission
Colvin, Milton 1923
Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands, U.S. House of Representatives, 1922
Committee on Volume of Water, Colorado River Commission, 1922
Compilation of State Statistics
Coombs, Arthur W. 1922
Credentials and Appointments of Commissioners, 1921-22
Croghan, Mr. P.J. 1922
Crop Statistics
Davis, Stephan B. Jr.
1921 December-1922 March
1923 January--February
1922 April-August
1922 September-December
1923 May-July and 1925
"E" Miscellaneous
1922
1923 January-1926
Economic Data Submitted at Phoenix Meeting
El Paso
Emerson, Frank C.
1921 December-1922 March
1922 April-July
1922 August-December
1923 January-February
Engineering Aspects 1921-22
Exhibits "A"-"L" (Amendments presented at 1st to 7th Meetings, Inclusive)
"F" Miscellaneous
1921 December-1922 December
1923-25
16
Fall, Albert B. 1922
Federal Power Commission
1922 January-June
1922 July-December
1923 January-June
Federal Reclamation by Irrigation-Senate Document No. 92, 1924
Federal (Water) Power Act
Feiker, Frederick M. 1922-23
Fetzer, Frank L. 1922
Flynn, John T. 1922
"G" Miscellaneous
1921-24
1923-26
General Federation of Women's Clubs
General Information
Geological Survey
Correspondence, 1922
Birdseye, C.H.
Grover., N.C.
Holbrook, George F.
Hoyt, John C.
LaRue, E.C.
Map of Glen Canyon Sites
Rizer, H.C.
Smith, George Ottis
Smith, Phillip S.
17
Girand, James B. 1922-23
"H" Miscellaneous
1921 December-1922 April
1922 May-June
1922 July-December
1923
1924-26
Hamele, Ottamar 1923
Harper, S.O. 1922
Hayden, Hon. Carl 1922-23
Hinkle, Governor J.F. 1923
History
Hearings before State Legislatures & Congress, 1922
Statutes Creating Commission, 1922
Hoover, Herbert 1922-23 and undated
18
House of Representatives
Bills and Resolutions
1921-22
1923-25
Hearings Re:
H.R. 11449, 1922-23
H.R. 2903, 1924 Parts 1,2,4,5,6
H.R. 2903, 1924 Part 8 (index) and supplements
H.R. 6251 & 9826, 1926-27
Public Laws, 1921-25
Reports Re:
H.R. 9826, 1926
H.R. 11903, 1922
H.R. 13480, 1923
"I" Miscellaneous., 1922-24
Imperial Valley Development, 1922
Imperial Valley Defensive System (Abbott)
International Legal Aspects; Treaties with Mexico
Irrigation in Arizona-Blake Reports
c. 1921-22
19
Johnson-Swing Bill
"K" Miscellaneous
1922
1923
Kinkaid, M.P. 1922-23
Klein, Julius 1921-22
"L" Miscellaneous
1921 December-1922 May
1922 June-November
1923 January-October and 1924
La Revista Agricola Article, 1922
LaRue, E.C., 1921-23
League of Southern Section California Municipalities
Lewis, C.C.
Libby, E.W. 1922-25
Los Angeles
Bureau of Power and Light
Chamber of Commerce, 1922-23
City Government 1922
Los Angeles Times, 1922
Lower Colorado Conservancy Board
"Mc" Miscellaneous 1922-23
20
"M" Miscellaneous
1921 December-1922 June
1922 July-December
1923 January-August
Mabey, Governor Charles R., 1922
McClure, W.F.
1921 December-1922 February
1922 March-July
1922 August-December
1923
McKisick, R.T. 1923
Maps-Miscellaneous
21
Maps, Exhibits A-D
Mechem, Governor M.C. 1922
Meeker, R.I. 1922
Merritt., Ralph P. 1922-23
Mexican Relations to Colorado River 1922
Mineral Production in the U.S., 1915-18
Mullendore, William C., 1923
"N" Miscellaneous 1922-24
Nevada Assembly's Joint Resolution No. 1